Abstract:We develop a general equilibrium model to capture the complex interactions between solo driving, rideshare and ride-hailing services such as Uber and Lyft that allows travelers to switch between different transportation modes and allows passengers from different Origin-Destination (OD) pairs to share a ride together in a coupled morning-evening commute framework. The model is formulated as a variational inequality (VI), and reformulated as an equivalent mixed complementarity problem (MiCP). Then we prove the existence of an equilibrium solution, and provide the conditions on the model parameters under which the equilibrium will be unique. Furthermore, we prove that the travelers' disutility of our coupled model will not be worse than that of a decoupled modeling approach. The computational results on the Sioux-Falls network show that our model captures the possible mode switches between morning and evening commutes, as well as the detour of rideshare drivers to pick up or drop off passengers. Furthermore, our numerical examples demonstrate that modeling morning and evening commutes separately tends to overestimate the number of drivers and total Vehicle Hours Traveled (VHT) in the network when accounting for the coupling interaction effects between morning and evening commutes.