Abstract:Issue: The urban freight system (UFS) is an essential component of the greater freight system and is vital to the urban economy.  While the UFS represents a small share of urban traffic, it  generates  a  disproportionate  amount  of  pollution  and  greenhouse  gas  emissions,  and  also  has  impacts  on  congestion,  safety,  and  public  health.  The  UFS  is  largely  represented  by last mile deliveries, which are characterized as trips that deliver products consumed, or used for other purposes. Last mile deliveries are part of the traditional business to business (B2B) commerce, and the rapidly increasing business to consumer (B2C) and consumer to consumer (C2C) commerce. The  UFS  is  complex  and  becoming  increasingly  so  as  on-demand  delivery  services  proliferate.  Online  retail  sales  (B2C)  accounted  for  $394.9  billion  or  8.1%  of  total  retail  sales  in  2016,  an  increase  of  15.1%    from  2015i    with  residential  deliveries  serving  as  the main drop-off point for customersii. This trend exacerbates existing challenges for last mile  deliveries  (e.g.,  competition  for  parking,  contending  with  truck  size  limits  and  truck  technology requirements), and is also requiring a new configuration of the freight system as a whole, and last mile logistics in particulariii . If left unattended, the issues are expected to intensify.