Suggested Citation:
Hardman, Scott (2025)

Brief: Navigating the Road to 100% Zero-emission Vehicle Sales: Policy and Research Needs

. Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, Brief UCD-ITS-RR-25-73

Abstract:

More than 30 countries and several states and provinces (e.g., California, British Columbia) intend to reach 100% zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) sales by between 2025 and 2040. In 2024, 22% of global vehicle sales were plug-in electric vehicles (PEV), some large auto markets reached 10-30% in PEV sales, and some Nordic nations achieved sales of between 30% and 90%. Little research focuses specifically on challenges in reaching 100% ZEV sales. This policy brief is based on a literature review of the growing body of research on PEVs. The review focuses on understanding challenges in reaching 100% PEV sales and identifies current research questions on issues related to 100% PEV adoption.